In standard cosmology, dark energy is described as a uniform background force that accelerates the expansion of...
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Energy-Flow Cosmology (EFC) unifies six independent observation classes—from galaxy rotation curves to the cosmic microwave background—under a...
The discovery that the universe’s expansion is accelerating changed modern cosmology. In the standard ΛCDM model, this...
At the most fundamental level, cosmology is not about expansion or matter — it is about energy...
Energy moves. Everything that exists is defined by that motion. From the expansion of galaxies to the...
Extending energy exchange beyond the dark sector — into the fabric of existence itself. Interacting Dark Energy...
A thermodynamic explanation for the unseen structure of the universe For nearly a century, cosmology has relied...
A Comparative Analysis of ΛCDM, Thermodynamic Cosmologies, and Energy-Flow Cosmology (EFC) 1. Introduction — The Question of...
Among all the laws that govern the universe, entropy stands apart. It is not a visible force...
Every star is born out of collapse — the gravitational fall of diffuse gas into a point...